![]() Ole Sparenberg, a science historian at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Mero, brought manganese nodules to a "broader scientific readership" with his book "The Mineral Resources of the Sea." A manganese nodule - the size of a large potatoes, but far more valuable to industry Image: Image courtesy of the DeepCCZ expedition It wasn't until the 1960s, however, when an American mining engineer, John L. They are often also referred to as potatoes - between 3 and 10 centimeters (1 and 4 inches) in diameter, and black. Those peculiar objects are now known as polymetallic or manganese nodules. The ISA says the ship's dredge hauled up "several peculiar black oval bodies which were composed of almost pure manganese oxide." The International Seabed Authority (ISA) says it all began in 1873, and almost by chance, on an oceanography voyage conducted by a ship called HMS Challenger. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video There are polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. Plus, there's more besides manganese nodules. Sticking with the oceans, though, some estimates suggest there are greater deposits of manganese, cobalt and nickel on the deep-seabed than on land. That's also why there's an interest in mining asteroids - they hold important metals and minerals, too. And we're running low of these resources on land. We need (or want) them for a range of things, including the production of rechargeable batteries and touchscreens. Why are we mining for these rare elements in the deep ocean? In fact, some deep-sea creatures live on those very nodules, which some people think are just waiting to be scooped up and turned into phones. ![]() That's mining for metals and minerals, such as nickel, cobalt, manganese and copper, which are found in polymetallic nodules on the same seabed that's home to those unknown creatures. Read more: Gemstones, precious metals hold all this useful beauty ![]() But because of this lack of knowledge it is also virtually impossible to know how species down there will react or survive once commercial mining begins. That makes for some very unusual creatures that scientists would like to study out of pure interest. That's conservation of the many known and unknown species living at depths of up to about 5,500 meters in the Abyssal zone, which is predominantly in darkness. Grown over millions of years: manganese nodules scattered on the deep seabed of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Image: ROV KIEL 6000, GEOMAR (CC BY 4.0) That's one reason why there's so much interest from both non-commercial scientists and those working in industry.Īnd when it comes to deep-sea research, there are two main areas of interest: conservation and mining. Our oceans remain some of the most under-researched parts of the planet. There's fresh water in the planet, in the ground or elsewhere on land in rivers and lakes - more than 70% of the planet is covered in water - and there's more all around us in the atmosphere. Oceans make up about 96.5% of all Earth's water. ![]() If obtained through a case or an unlocked cosmetic crate, the hat will be exclusive to that case or crate.Here's a simple fact to start: The oceans are huge. If obtained through a crate, the hat may be any hat from any Mann Co. They can be obtained in crates Series #1 through Series #25, Series #88 through Series #103, any Unlocked Cosmetic Crate, and any cosmetic case. The first series of standard Unusual effects was added in the Mann-Conomy Update. Standard Unusual effects can be found in specific crate series and all case series.
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